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In the following examples, input and output are distinguished by the presence orabsence of prompts (>>> and …): to repeat the example, you must typeeverything after the prompt, when the prompt appears; lines that do not beginwith a prompt are output from the interpreter. Note that a secondary prompt on aline by itself in an example means you must type a blank line; this is used toend a multi-line command.

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Many of the examples in this manual, even those entered at the interactiveprompt, include comments. Comments in Python start with the hash character,#, and extend to the end of the physical line. A comment may appear at thestart of a line or following whitespace or code, but not within a stringliteral. A hash character within a string literal is just a hash character.Since comments are to clarify code and are not interpreted by Python, they maybe omitted when typing in examples.

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Some examples:

3.1. Using Python as a Calculator¶

Let’s try some simple Python commands. Start the interpreter and wait for theprimary prompt, >>>. (It shouldn’t take long.)

3.1.1. Numbers¶

The interpreter acts as a simple calculator: you can type an expression at itand it will write the value. Expression syntax is straightforward: theoperators +, -, * and / work just like in most other languages(for example, Pascal or C); parentheses (()) can be used for grouping.For example:

The integer numbers (e.g. 2, 4, 20) have type int,the ones with a fractional part (e.g. 5.0, 1.6) have typefloat. We will see more about numeric types later in the tutorial.

The return type of a division (/) operation depends on its operands. Ifboth operands are of type int, floor division is performedand an int is returned. If either operand is a float,classic division is performed and a float is returned. The //operator is also provided for doing floor division no matter what theoperands are. The remainder can be calculated with the % operator:

With Python, it is possible to use the ** operator to calculate powers 1:

The equal sign (=) is used to assign a value to a variable. Afterwards, noresult is displayed before the next interactive prompt:

If a variable is not “defined” (assigned a value), trying to use it willgive you an error:

There is full support for floating point; operators with mixed type operandsconvert the integer operand to floating point:

In interactive mode, the last printed expression is assigned to the variable_. This means that when you are using Python as a desk calculator, it issomewhat easier to continue calculations, for example:

This variable should be treated as read-only by the user. Don’t explicitlyassign a value to it — you would create an independent local variable with thesame name masking the built-in variable with its magic behavior.

In addition to int and float, Python supports other types ofnumbers, such as Decimal and Fraction.Python also has built-in support for complex numbers,and uses the j or J suffix to indicate the imaginary part(e.g. 3+5j).

3.1.2. Strings¶

Besides numbers, Python can also manipulate strings, which can be expressedin several ways. They can be enclosed in single quotes ('..') ordouble quotes ('..') with the same result 2. can be usedto escape quotes:

In the interactive interpreter, the output string is enclosed in quotes andspecial characters are escaped with backslashes. While this might sometimeslook different from the input (the enclosing quotes could change), the twostrings are equivalent. The string is enclosed in double quotes ifthe string contains a single quote and no double quotes, otherwise it isenclosed in single quotes. The print statement produces a morereadable output, by omitting the enclosing quotes and by printing escapedand special characters:

If you don’t want characters prefaced by to be interpreted asspecial characters, you can use raw strings by adding an r beforethe first quote:

String literals can span multiple lines. One way is using triple-quotes:''..'' or ''..''. End of lines are automaticallyincluded in the string, but it’s possible to prevent this by adding a atthe end of the line. The following example:

produces the following output (note that the initial newline is not included):

Strings can be concatenated (glued together) with the + operator, andrepeated with *:

Two or more string literals (i.e. the ones enclosed between quotes) nextto each other are automatically concatenated.

This feature is particularly useful when you want to break long strings:

This only works with two literals though, not with variables or expressions:

If you want to concatenate variables or a variable and a literal, use +:

Strings can be indexed (subscripted), with the first character having index 0.There is no separate character type; a character is simply a string of sizeone:

Indices may also be negative numbers, to start counting from the right:

Note that since -0 is the same as 0, negative indices start from -1.

In addition to indexing, slicing is also supported. While indexing is usedto obtain individual characters, slicing allows you to obtain a substring:

Note how the start is always included, and the end always excluded. Thismakes sure that s[:i]+s[i:] is always equal to s:

Slice indices have useful defaults; an omitted first index defaults to zero, anomitted second index defaults to the size of the string being sliced.

One way to remember how slices work is to think of the indices as pointingbetween characters, with the left edge of the first character numbered 0.Then the right edge of the last character of a string of n characters hasindex n, for example:

The first row of numbers gives the position of the indices 0…6 in the string;the second row gives the corresponding negative indices. The slice from i toj consists of all characters between the edges labeled i and j,respectively.

For non-negative indices, the length of a slice is the difference of theindices, if both are within bounds. For example, the length of word[1:3] is2.

Attempting to use an index that is too large will result in an error:

However, out of range slice indexes are handled gracefully when used forslicing:

Python strings cannot be changed — they are immutable.Therefore, assigning to an indexed position in the string results in an error:

If you need a different string, you should create a new one:

The built-in function len() returns the length of a string:

3.1.3. Unicode Strings¶

Starting with Python 2.0 a new data type for storing text data is available tothe programmer: the Unicode object. It can be used to store and manipulateUnicode data (see http://www.unicode.org/) and integrates well with the existingstring objects, providing auto-conversions where necessary.

Unicode has the advantage of providing one ordinal for every character in everyscript used in modern and ancient texts. Previously, there were only 256possible ordinals for script characters. Texts were typically bound to a codepage which mapped the ordinals to script characters. This lead to very muchconfusion especially with respect to internationalization (usually written asi18n — 'i' + 18 characters + 'n') of software. Unicode solvesthese problems by defining one code page for all scripts.

Creating Unicode strings in Python is just as simple as creating normalstrings:

The small 'u' in front of the quote indicates that a Unicode string issupposed to be created. If you want to include special characters in the string,you can do so by using the Python Unicode-Escape encoding. The followingexample shows how:

The escape sequence u0020 indicates to insert the Unicode character withthe ordinal value 0x0020 (the space character) at the given position.

Other characters are interpreted by using their respective ordinal valuesdirectly as Unicode ordinals. If you have literal strings in the standardLatin-1 encoding that is used in many Western countries, you will find itconvenient that the lower 256 characters of Unicode are the same as the 256characters of Latin-1.

For experts, there is also a raw mode just like the one for normal strings. Youhave to prefix the opening quote with ‘ur’ to have Python use theRaw-Unicode-Escape encoding. It will only apply the above uXXXXconversion if there is an uneven number of backslashes in front of the small‘u’.

The raw mode is most useful when you have to enter lots of backslashes, as canbe necessary in regular expressions.

Apart from these standard encodings, Python provides a whole set of other waysof creating Unicode strings on the basis of a known encoding.

The built-in function unicode() provides access to all registered Unicodecodecs (COders and DECoders). Some of the more well known encodings which thesecodecs can convert are Latin-1, ASCII, UTF-8, and UTF-16. The latter twoare variable-length encodings that store each Unicode character in one or morebytes. The default encoding is normally set to ASCII, which passes throughcharacters in the range 0 to 127 and rejects any other characters with an error.When a Unicode string is printed, written to a file, or converted withstr(), conversion takes place using this default encoding.

To convert a Unicode string into an 8-bit string using a specific encoding,Unicode objects provide an encode() method that takes one argument, thename of the encoding. Lowercase names for encodings are preferred.

If you have data in a specific encoding and want to produce a correspondingUnicode string from it, you can use the unicode() function with theencoding name as the second argument.

3.1.4. Lists¶

Python knows a number of compound data types, used to group together othervalues. The most versatile is the list, which can be written as a list ofcomma-separated values (items) between square brackets. Lists might containitems of different types, but usually the items all have the same type.

Like strings (and all other built-in sequence type), lists can beindexed and sliced:

All slice operations return a new list containing the requested elements. Thismeans that the following slice returns a new (shallow) copy of the list:

Lists also supports operations like concatenation:

Unlike strings, which are immutable, lists are a mutabletype, i.e. it is possible to change their content:

You can also add new items at the end of the list, by usingthe append()method (we will see more about methods later):

Assignment to slices is also possible, and this can even change the size of thelist or clear it entirely:

The built-in function len() also applies to lists:

It is possible to nest lists (create lists containing other lists), forexample:

3.2. First Steps Towards Programming¶

Of course, we can use Python for more complicated tasks than adding two and twotogether. For instance, we can write an initial sub-sequence of the Fibonacciseries as follows:

This example introduces several new features.

The first line contains a multiple assignment: the variables a and bsimultaneously get the new values 0 and 1. On the last line this is used again,demonstrating that the expressions on the right-hand side are all evaluatedfirst before any of the assignments take place. The right-hand side expressionsare evaluated from the left to the right.
The while loop executes as long as the condition (here: b<10)remains true. In Python, like in C, any non-zero integer value is true; zero isfalse. The condition may also be a string or list value, in fact any sequence;anything with a non-zero length is true, empty sequences are false. The testused in the example is a simple comparison. The standard comparison operatorsare written the same as in C: < (less than), > (greater than), (equal to), <= (less than or equal to), >= (greater than or equal to)and != (not equal to).
The body of the loop is indented: indentation is Python’s way of groupingstatements. At the interactive prompt, you have to type a tab or space(s) foreach indented line. In practice you will prepare more complicated inputfor Python with a text editor; all decent text editors have an auto-indentfacility. When a compound statement is entered interactively, it must befollowed by a blank line to indicate completion (since the parser cannotguess when you have typed the last line). Note that each line within a basicblock must be indented by the same amount.
The print statement writes the value of the expression(s) it isgiven. It differs from just writing the expression you want to write (as we didearlier in the calculator examples) in the way it handles multiple expressionsand strings. Strings are printed without quotes, and a space is insertedbetween items, so you can format things nicely, like this:
A trailing comma avoids the newline after the output:
Note that the interpreter inserts a newline before it prints the next prompt ifthe last line was not completed.

Footnotes

Since ** has higher precedence than -, -3**2 will beinterpreted as -(3**2) and thus result in -9. To avoid thisand get 9, you can use (-3)**2.

Unlike other languages, special characters such as n have thesame meaning with both single ('..') and double ('..') quotes.The only difference between the two is that within single quotes you don’tneed to escape ' (but you have to escape ') and vice versa.

Source code:Lib/string.py

String constants¶

The constants defined in this module are:

string.ascii_letters¶

The concatenation of the ascii_lowercase and ascii_uppercaseconstants described below. This value is not locale-dependent.

string.ascii_lowercase¶

The lowercase letters 'abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz'. This value is notlocale-dependent and will not change.

string.ascii_uppercase¶

The uppercase letters 'ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ'. This value is notlocale-dependent and will not change.

string.digits¶

The string '0123456789'.

string.hexdigits¶

The string '0123456789abcdefABCDEF'.

string.octdigits¶

The string '01234567'.

string.punctuation¶

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String of ASCII characters which are considered punctuation charactersin the C locale: !'#$%&'()*+,-./:;<=>?@[]^_`{|}~.

string.printable¶

String of ASCII characters which are considered printable. This is acombination of digits, ascii_letters, punctuation,and whitespace.

string.whitespace¶

A string containing all ASCII characters that are considered whitespace.This includes the characters space, tab, linefeed, return, formfeed, andvertical tab.

Custom String Formatting¶

The built-in string class provides the ability to do complex variablesubstitutions and value formatting via the format() method described inPEP 3101. The Formatter class in the string module allowsyou to create and customize your own string formatting behaviors using the sameimplementation as the built-in format() method.

class string.Formatter¶

The Formatter class has the following public methods:

format(format_string, /, *args, **kwargs)¶

The primary API method. It takes a format string andan arbitrary set of positional and keyword arguments.It is just a wrapper that calls vformat().

Changed in version 3.7: A format string argument is now positional-only.

vformat(format_string, args, kwargs)¶

This function does the actual work of formatting. It is exposed as aseparate function for cases where you want to pass in a predefineddictionary of arguments, rather than unpacking and repacking thedictionary as individual arguments using the *args and **kwargssyntax. vformat() does the work of breaking up the format stringinto character data and replacement fields. It calls the variousmethods described below.

In addition, the Formatter defines a number of methods that areintended to be replaced by subclasses:

parse(format_string)¶

Loop over the format_string and return an iterable of tuples(literal_text, field_name, format_spec, conversion). This is usedby vformat() to break the string into either literal text, orreplacement fields.

The values in the tuple conceptually represent a span of literal textfollowed by a single replacement field. If there is no literal text(which can happen if two replacement fields occur consecutively), thenliteral_text will be a zero-length string. If there is no replacementfield, then the values of field_name, format_spec and conversionwill be None.

get_field(field_name, args, kwargs)¶

Given field_name as returned by parse() (see above), convert it toan object to be formatted. Returns a tuple (obj, used_key). The defaultversion takes strings of the form defined in PEP 3101, such as“0[name]” or “label.title”. args and kwargs are as passed in tovformat(). The return value used_key has the same meaning as thekey parameter to get_value().

get_value(key, args, kwargs)¶

Retrieve a given field value. The key argument will be either aninteger or a string. If it is an integer, it represents the index of thepositional argument in args; if it is a string, then it represents anamed argument in kwargs.

The args parameter is set to the list of positional arguments tovformat(), and the kwargs parameter is set to the dictionary ofkeyword arguments.

For compound field names, these functions are only called for the firstcomponent of the field name; subsequent components are handled throughnormal attribute and indexing operations.

So for example, the field expression ‘0.name’ would causeget_value() to be called with a key argument of 0. The nameattribute will be looked up after get_value() returns by calling thebuilt-in getattr() function.

If the index or keyword refers to an item that does not exist, then anIndexError or KeyError should be raised.

check_unused_args(used_args, args, kwargs)¶

Implement checking for unused arguments if desired. The arguments to thisfunction is the set of all argument keys that were actually referred to inthe format string (integers for positional arguments, and strings fornamed arguments), and a reference to the args and kwargs that waspassed to vformat. The set of unused args can be calculated from theseparameters. check_unused_args() is assumed to raise an exception ifthe check fails.

format_field(value, format_spec)¶

format_field() simply calls the global format() built-in. Themethod is provided so that subclasses can override it.

convert_field(value, conversion)¶

Converts the value (returned by get_field()) given a conversion type(as in the tuple returned by the parse() method). The defaultversion understands ‘s’ (str), ‘r’ (repr) and ‘a’ (ascii) conversiontypes.

Format String Syntax¶

The str.format() method and the Formatter class share the samesyntax for format strings (although in the case of Formatter,subclasses can define their own format string syntax). The syntax isrelated to that of formatted string literals, butthere are differences. Mac keyboard and mouse.

Format strings contain “replacement fields” surrounded by curly braces {}.Anything that is not contained in braces is considered literal text, which iscopied unchanged to the output. If you need to include a brace character in theliteral text, it can be escaped by doubling: {{ and }}.

The grammar for a replacement field is as follows: Can i play fortnite on a macbook air.

In less formal terms, the replacement field can start with a field_name that specifiesthe object whose value is to be formatted and insertedinto the output instead of the replacement field.The field_name is optionally followed by a conversion field, which ispreceded by an exclamation point '!', and a format_spec, which is precededby a colon ':'. These specify a non-default format for the replacement value.

See also the Format Specification Mini-Language section.

The field_name itself begins with an arg_name that is either a number or akeyword. If it’s a number, it refers to a positional argument, and if it’s a keyword,it refers to a named keyword argument. If the numerical arg_names in a format stringare 0, 1, 2, … in sequence, they can all be omitted (not just some)and the numbers 0, 1, 2, … will be automatically inserted in that order.Because arg_name is not quote-delimited, it is not possible to specify arbitrarydictionary keys (e.g., the strings '10' or ':-]') within a format string.The arg_name can be followed by any number of index orattribute expressions. An expression of the form '.name' selects the namedattribute using getattr(), while an expression of the form '[index]'does an index lookup using __getitem__().

Changed in version 3.1: The positional argument specifiers can be omitted for str.format(),so '{}{}'.format(a,b) is equivalent to '{0}{1}'.format(a,b).

Changed in version 3.4: The positional argument specifiers can be omitted for Formatter.

Some simple format string examples:

The conversion field causes a type coercion before formatting. Normally, thejob of formatting a value is done by the __format__() method of the valueitself. However, in some cases it is desirable to force a type to be formattedas a string, overriding its own definition of formatting. By converting thevalue to a string before calling __format__(), the normal formatting logicis bypassed.

Three conversion flags are currently supported: '!s' which calls str()on the value, '!r' which calls repr() and '!a' which callsascii().

Some examples:

The format_spec field contains a specification of how the value should bepresented, including such details as field width, alignment, padding, decimalprecision and so on. Each value type can define its own “formattingmini-language” or interpretation of the format_spec.

Most built-in types support a common formatting mini-language, which isdescribed in the next section.

A format_spec field can also include nested replacement fields within it.These nested replacement fields may contain a field name, conversion flagand format specification, but deeper nesting isnot allowed. The replacement fields within theformat_spec are substituted before the format_spec string is interpreted.This allows the formatting of a value to be dynamically specified.

See the Format examples section for some examples.

Format Specification Mini-Language¶

“Format specifications” are used within replacement fields contained within aformat string to define how individual values are presented (seeFormat String Syntax and Formatted string literals).They can also be passed directly to the built-informat() function. Each formattable type may define how the formatspecification is to be interpreted.

Most built-in types implement the following options for format specifications,although some of the formatting options are only supported by the numeric types.

A general convention is that an empty format specification producesthe same result as if you had called str() on the value. Anon-empty format specification typically modifies the result.

The general form of a standard format specifier is:

If a valid align value is specified, it can be preceded by a fillcharacter that can be any character and defaults to a space if omitted.It is not possible to use a literal curly brace (“{” or “}”) asthe fill character in a formatted string literal or when using the str.format()method. However, it is possible to insert a curly bracewith a nested replacement field. This limitation doesn’taffect the format() function.

The meaning of the various alignment options is as follows:

Option	Meaning
`'<'`	Forces the field to be left-aligned within the availablespace (this is the default for most objects).
`'>'`	Forces the field to be right-aligned within theavailable space (this is the default for numbers).
`'='`	Forces the padding to be placed after the sign (if any)but before the digits. This is used for printing fieldsin the form ‘+000000120’. This alignment option is onlyvalid for numeric types. It becomes the default when ‘0’immediately precedes the field width.
`'^'`	Forces the field to be centered within the availablespace.

Note that unless a minimum field width is defined, the field width will alwaysbe the same size as the data to fill it, so that the alignment option has nomeaning in this case.

The sign option is only valid for number types, and can be one of thefollowing:

Option	Meaning
`'+'`	indicates that a sign should be used for bothpositive as well as negative numbers.
`'-'`	indicates that a sign should be used only for negativenumbers (this is the default behavior).
space	indicates that a leading space should be used onpositive numbers, and a minus sign on negative numbers.

The '#' option causes the “alternate form” to be used for theconversion. The alternate form is defined differently for differenttypes. This option is only valid for integer, float, complex andDecimal types. For integers, when binary, octal, or hexadecimal outputis used, this option adds the prefix respective '0b', '0o', or'0x' to the output value. For floats, complex and Decimal thealternate form causes the result of the conversion to always contain adecimal-point character, even if no digits follow it. Normally, adecimal-point character appears in the result of these conversionsonly if a digit follows it. In addition, for 'g' and 'G'conversions, trailing zeros are not removed from the result.

The ',' option signals the use of a comma for a thousands separator.For a locale aware separator, use the 'n' integer presentation typeinstead.

Changed in version 3.1: Added the ',' option (see also PEP 378).

The '_' option signals the use of an underscore for a thousandsseparator for floating point presentation types and for integerpresentation type 'd'. For integer presentation types 'b','o', 'x', and 'X', underscores will be inserted every 4digits. For other presentation types, specifying this option is anerror.

Changed in version 3.6: Added the '_' option (see also PEP 515).

width is a decimal integer defining the minimum total field width,including any prefixes, separators, and other formatting characters.If not specified, then the field width will be determined by the content.

When no explicit alignment is given, preceding the width field by a zero('0') character enablessign-aware zero-padding for numeric types. This is equivalent to a fillcharacter of '0' with an alignment type of '='.

The precision is a decimal number indicating how many digits should bedisplayed after the decimal point for a floating point value formatted with'f' and 'F', or before and after the decimal point for a floating pointvalue formatted with 'g' or 'G'. For non-number types the fieldindicates the maximum field size - in other words, how many characters will beused from the field content. The precision is not allowed for integer values.

Finally, the type determines how the data should be presented.

The available string presentation types are:

Type Arcanum of steamworks and magick obscura download free.zip.	Meaning
`'s'`	String format. This is the default type for strings andmay be omitted.
None	The same as `'s'`.

The available integer presentation types are:

Type	Meaning
`'b'`	Binary format. Outputs the number in base 2.
`'c'`	Character. Converts the integer to the correspondingunicode character before printing.
`'d'`	Decimal Integer. Outputs the number in base 10.
`'o'`	Octal format. Outputs the number in base 8.
`'x'`	Hex format. Outputs the number in base 16, usinglower-case letters for the digits above 9.
`'X'`	Hex format. Outputs the number in base 16, usingupper-case letters for the digits above 9.
`'n'`	Number. This is the same as `'d'`, except that it usesthe current locale setting to insert the appropriatenumber separator characters.
None	The same as `'d'`.

In addition to the above presentation types, integers can be formattedwith the floating point presentation types listed below (except'n' and None). When doing so, float() is used to convert theinteger to a floating point number before formatting.

The available presentation types for floating point and decimal values are:

Type	Meaning
`'e'`	Exponent notation. Prints the number in scientificnotation using the letter ‘e’ to indicate the exponent.The default precision is `6`.
`'E'`	Exponent notation. Same as `'e'` except it uses anupper case ‘E’ as the separator character.
`'f'`	Fixed-point notation. Displays the number as afixed-point number. The default precision is `6`.
`'F'`	Fixed-point notation. Same as `'f'`, but converts`nan` to `NAN` and `inf` to `INF`.
`'g'`	General format. For a given precision `p>=1`,this rounds the number to `p` significant digits andthen formats the result in either fixed-point formator in scientific notation, depending on its magnitude. The precise rules are as follows: suppose that theresult formatted with presentation type `'e'` andprecision `p-1` would have exponent `exp`. Then,if `m<=exp<p`, where `m` is -4 for floats and -6for `Decimals`, the number isformatted with presentation type `'f'` and precision`p-1-exp`. Otherwise, the number is formattedwith presentation type `'e'` and precision `p-1`.In both cases insignificant trailing zeros are removedfrom the significand, and the decimal point is alsoremoved if there are no remaining digits following it,unless the `'#'` option is used. Positive and negative infinity, positive and negativezero, and nans, are formatted as `inf`, `-inf`,`0`, `-0` and `nan` respectively, regardless ofthe precision. A precision of `0` is treated as equivalent to aprecision of `1`. The default precision is `6`.
`'G'`	General format. Same as `'g'` except switches to`'E'` if the number gets too large. Therepresentations of infinity and NaN are uppercased, too.
`'n'`	Number. This is the same as `'g'`, except that it usesthe current locale setting to insert the appropriatenumber separator characters.
`'%'`	Percentage. Multiplies the number by 100 and displaysin fixed (`'f'`) format, followed by a percent sign.
None	Similar to `'g'`, except that fixed-point notation,when used, has at least one digit past the decimal point.The default precision is as high as needed to representthe particular value. The overall effect is to match theoutput of `str()` as altered by the other formatmodifiers.

Format examples¶

This section contains examples of the str.format() syntax andcomparison with the old %-formatting.

In most of the cases the syntax is similar to the old %-formatting, with theaddition of the {} and with : used instead of %.For example, '%03.2f' can be translated to '{:03.2f}'.

The new format syntax also supports new and different options, shown in thefollowing examples.

Accessing arguments by position:

Accessing arguments by name:

Accessing arguments’ attributes:

Accessing arguments’ items:

Replacing %s and %r:

Aligning the text and specifying a width:

Replacing %+f, %-f, and %f and specifying a sign:

Replacing %x and %o and converting the value to different bases:

Using the comma as a thousands separator:

Expressing a percentage:

Using type-specific formatting:

Nesting arguments and more complex examples:

Template strings¶

Template strings provide simpler string substitutions as described inPEP 292. A primary use case for template strings is forinternationalization (i18n) since in that context, the simpler syntax andfunctionality makes it easier to translate than other built-in stringformatting facilities in Python. As an example of a library built on templatestrings for i18n, see theflufl.i18n package.

Template strings support $-based substitutions, using the following rules:

$$ is an escape; it is replaced with a single $.
$identifier names a substitution placeholder matching a mapping key of'identifier'. By default, 'identifier' is restricted to anycase-insensitive ASCII alphanumeric string (including underscores) thatstarts with an underscore or ASCII letter. The first non-identifiercharacter after the $ character terminates this placeholderspecification.
${identifier} is equivalent to $identifier. It is required whenvalid identifier characters follow the placeholder but are not part of theplaceholder, such as '${noun}ification'.

Any other appearance of $ in the string will result in a ValueErrorbeing raised.

The string module provides a Template class that implementsthese rules. The methods of Template are:

class string.Template(template)¶

The constructor takes a single argument which is the template string.

substitute(mapping={}, /, **kwds)¶

Performs the template substitution, returning a new string. mapping isany dictionary-like object with keys that match the placeholders in thetemplate. Alternatively, you can provide keyword arguments, where thekeywords are the placeholders. When both mapping and kwds are givenand there are duplicates, the placeholders from kwds take precedence.

safe_substitute(mapping={}, /, **kwds)¶

Like substitute(), except that if placeholders are missing frommapping and kwds, instead of raising a KeyError exception, theoriginal placeholder will appear in the resulting string intact. Also,unlike with substitute(), any other appearances of the $ willsimply return $ instead of raising ValueError.

While other exceptions may still occur, this method is called “safe”because it always tries to return a usable string instead ofraising an exception. In another sense, safe_substitute() may beanything other than safe, since it will silently ignore malformedtemplates containing dangling delimiters, unmatched braces, orplaceholders that are not valid Python identifiers.

Template instances also provide one public data attribute:

template¶

This is the object passed to the constructor’s template argument. Ingeneral, you shouldn’t change it, but read-only access is not enforced.

Here is an example of how to use a Template:

Advanced usage: you can derive subclasses of Template to customizethe placeholder syntax, delimiter character, or the entire regular expressionused to parse template strings. To do this, you can override these classattributes:

delimiter – This is the literal string describing a placeholderintroducing delimiter. The default value is $. Note that this shouldnot be a regular expression, as the implementation will callre.escape() on this string as needed. Note further that you cannotchange the delimiter after class creation (i.e. a different delimiter mustbe set in the subclass’s class namespace).
idpattern – This is the regular expression describing the pattern fornon-braced placeholders. The default value is the regular expression(?a:[_a-z][_a-z0-9]*). If this is given and braceidpattern isNone this pattern will also apply to braced placeholders.
Note
Since default flags is re.IGNORECASE, pattern [a-z] can matchwith some non-ASCII characters. That’s why we use the local a flaghere.
Changed in version 3.7: braceidpattern can be used to define separate patterns used inside andoutside the braces.
braceidpattern – This is like idpattern but describes the pattern forbraced placeholders. Defaults to None which means to fall back toidpattern (i.e. the same pattern is used both inside and outside braces).If given, this allows you to define different patterns for braced andunbraced placeholders.
flags – The regular expression flags that will be applied when compilingthe regular expression used for recognizing substitutions. The default valueis re.IGNORECASE. Note that re.VERBOSE will always be added to theflags, so custom idpatterns must follow conventions for verbose regularexpressions.
New in version 3.2.

Alternatively, you can provide the entire regular expression pattern byoverriding the class attribute pattern. If you do this, the value must be aregular expression object with four named capturing groups. The capturinggroups correspond to the rules given above, along with the invalid placeholderrule:

escaped – This group matches the escape sequence, e.g. $$, in thedefault pattern.
named – This group matches the unbraced placeholder name; it should notinclude the delimiter in capturing group.
braced – This group matches the brace enclosed placeholder name; it shouldnot include either the delimiter or braces in the capturing group.
invalid – This group matches any other delimiter pattern (usually a singledelimiter), and it should appear last in the regular expression.

Helper functions¶

string.capwords(s, sep=None)¶

Split the argument into words using str.split(), capitalize each wordusing str.capitalize(), and join the capitalized words usingstr.join(). If the optional second argument sep is absentor None, runs of whitespace characters are replaced by a single spaceand leading and trailing whitespace are removed, otherwise sep is used tosplit and join the words.

8067. sheminith -- Sheminith
.. Word Origin fem. of shemini, qv. Sheminith Feminine of shmiyniy; probably an
eight-stringed lyre -- Sheminith. see HEBREW shmiyniy. 8066, 8067. ..
/hebrew/8067.htm - 5k

Thesaurus

Eight-stringed (3 Occurrences)
Eight-stringed. Eightieth, Eight-stringed. Eighty . Multi-Version
Concordance Eight-stringed (3 Occurrences). 1 Chronicles ..
/e/eight-stringed.htm - 7k

Lyre (32 Occurrences)
.. 1 Chronicles 15:21 and Mattithiah, and Eliphelehu, and Mikneiah, and Obed-Edom,
and Jeiel, and Azaziah, with harps tuned to the eight-stringed lyre, to lead. ..
/l/lyre.htm - 15k

Musician (112 Occurrences)
.. Psalms 6:1 For the Chief Musician; on stringed instruments, upon the eight-stringed
lyre. .. Psalms 12:1 For the Chief Musician; upon an eight-stringed lyre. ..
/m/musician.htm - 39k

Choirmaster (55 Occurrences)
.. Psalms 6:1 For the Chief Musician; on stringed instruments, upon the eight-stringed
lyre. .. Psalms 12:1 For the Chief Musician; upon an eight-stringed lyre. ..
/c/choirmaster.htm - 21k

Psalm (213 Occurrences)
.. Psalms 6:1 For the Chief Musician; on stringed instruments, upon the eight-stringed
lyre. .. Psalms 12:1 For the Chief Musician; upon an eight-stringed lyre. ..
/p/psalm.htm - 37k

Eighty (36 Occurrences)
/e/eighty.htm - 17k

Vanished (13 Occurrences)
.. (See RSV). Psalms 12:1 For the Chief Musician; upon an eight-stringed lyre.
A Psalm of David. Help, Yahweh; for the godly man ceases. ..
/v/vanished.htm - 10k

O'bed-e'dom (14 Occurrences)
.. 1 Chronicles 15:21 and Mattithiah, and Eliphelehu, and Mikneiah, and Obed-Edom,
and Jeiel, and Azaziah, with harps tuned to the eight-stringed lyre, to lead. ..
/o/o'bed-e'dom.htm - 10k

Je-i'el (11 Occurrences)
.. 1 Chronicles 15:21 and Mattithiah, and Eliphelehu, and Mikneiah, and Obed-Edom,
and Jeiel, and Azaziah, with harps tuned to the eight-stringed lyre, to lead. ..
/j/je-i'el.htm - 9k

Jeiel (13 Occurrences)
.. 1 Chronicles 15:21 and Mattithiah, and Eliphelehu, and Mikneiah, and Obed-Edom,
and Jeiel, and Azaziah, with harps tuned to the eight-stringed lyre, to lead. ..
/j/jeiel.htm - 13k

What is the Noble Eightfold Path? | GotQuestions.org
What is Hanukkah? Should a Christian celebrate Hanukkah (Christmaskah)? | GotQuestions.org
What is the significance of the Negev in the Bible? | GotQuestions.org
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